Fossils from China dated about 539 million years ago reveal a key transition from simple, flat-bodied organisms to three-dimensional animal body plans, marking when complex animal life emerged. The possible 19-metre octopus adds a much later example of how marine animals continued to diversify into complex and extreme forms, from early body-plan innovations to giant cephalopods. Together, these discoveries trace a long trajectory of increasing anatomical complexity and ecological innovation in the oceans.
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